Speakers - PAWC2025

Abstract

This study investigates how gender role discrepancy (GRD) and social media addiction mediate the relationship between social phobia and psychological distress across generational cohorts X, Y, and Z. With societal norms around masculinity evolving and technology increasingly pervasive, the research explores the interplay of these factors among 700 Israeli men aged 18–63. The findings highlight critical insights into the persistence of traditional gender norms and their psychological impacts across generations, with a particular focus on the effects of social media addiction.

Using an online questionnaire, data were collected and analyzed to assess social phobia, GRD, social media addiction, and psychological distress. The results indicate similar patterns across generations, with social phobia significantly predicting psychological distress in all cohorts. Positive correlations were observed between social phobia and GRD, GRD and social media addiction, and social media addiction and psychological distress. Notably, GRD significantly influenced psychological distress in Generations X and Y but was non-significant for Generation Z, suggesting a gradual loosening of rigid masculine ideals in the youngest cohort.

Generation X exhibited the lowest levels of social phobia, GRD, and social media addiction, which aligns with their upbringing during a time of entrenched traditional masculinity and limited technological engagement. However, their adherence to stoicism and hegemonic norms exacerbates the psychological toll of failing to meet these ideals. Generation Y, shaped by transitional masculine norms and early social media adoption, reported higher GRD and psychological distress. Generation Z, immersed in digital technology and more flexible gender norms, demonstrated the highest levels of social media addiction, emphasizing their reliance on these platforms for validation and self-expression.

The mediation analysis revealed nuanced interrelations. Social media addiction intensifies the impact of GRD and social phobia on psychological distress, creating a feedback loop exacerbated by constant online comparison and validation-seeking behaviors. Generation Z's non-significant correlation between GRD and psychological distress indicates the potential mitigating effects of fluid and inclusive masculine identities fostered online.

These findings underscore the enduring influence of traditional gender norms on mental health despite generational shifts toward flexibility. The research highlights the role of social media in perpetuating or alleviating psychological distress, depending on its use. Tailored interventions addressing GRD and promoting healthier social media habits are crucial. For Generation X, reducing stigma and encouraging emotional expression may alleviate distress tied to GRD. For Generations Y and Z, fostering digital literacy and resilience in navigating online environments is imperative.

By exploring the generational nuances in masculinity and mental health, this study contributes to understanding how societal and technological changes shape psychological outcomes. It underscores the need for inclusive policies and mental health strategies that address the complex interplay of social expectations, digital engagement, and mental well-being.